11.American-Naturalism美国文学自然主义.pptVIP

American Naturalism Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, Jack London, and others. Naturalism It is a more deliberate kind of realism, involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. The naturalist writers attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity（遗传）. Representative writers are Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. The Red Badge of Courage by Crane Sister Carrie by Dreiser American Naturalism 1. Origin (1) Industrialism: created a large group of very poor people; lived in slums and could not control their lives; self-reliance disappeared in the fast development of economy (2) The Origin of Species (Charles Darwin, 1859) godless world, human beast, the survival of the fittest, cruel natural law correspond with cruel social realities American Naturalism (3) Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism (human controlled by heredity and outside social power) (4) Howells’ “smiling aspect” realism seems too genteel and even false. The term “naturalism” was created by French writer Emile Zola, who influenced of French naturalism; Tolstoy and Turgenev came to American literature. 2. Naturalism is a pessimistic form of realism, a harsher one, with deterministic view of man and society. American Naturalism 3. Naturalists attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. The world was amoral, and people had no free will. 4. Significance (1) Breaking through some forbidden area in literature (violence, death, sex, etc.) (2) Greatly influencing the 20th century writers such as Hemingway and Faulkner. Stephen Crane (1871- 1900) The Pioneer of American naturalism 1893 Maggie: A Girl of the Streets , the First American book without providing “way out” or moralizing on so