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Research
JAMA Pediatrics | Original Investigation
Association of Screen Time and Depression in Adolescence
Elroy Boers, PhD; Mohammad H. Afzali, PhD; Nicola Newton, PhD; Patricia Conrod, PhD
Supplemental content
IMPORTANCE Increases in screen time have been found to be associated with increases in
depressive symptoms. However, longitudinal studies are lacking.
OBJECTIVE To repeatedly measure the association between screen time and depression
to test 3 explanatory hypotheses: displacement, upward social comparison, and
reinforcing spirals.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This secondary analysis used data from a randomized
clinical trial assessing the 4-year efficacy of a personality-targeted drug and alcohol
prevention intervention. This study assessed screen time and depression throughout 4 years,
using an annual survey in a sample of adolescents who entered the seventh grade in 31
schools in the Greater Montreal area. Data were collected from September 2012 to
September 2018. Analysis began and ended in December 2018.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Independent variables were social media, television, video
gaming, and computer use. Symptoms of depression was the outcome, measured using the
Brief Symptoms Inventory. Exercise and self-esteem were assessed to test displacement and
upward social comparison hypothesi
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