微生物世界讲义.ppt

Basic Archaeal Shapes : At far left, Methanococcus janaschii, a coccus form with numerous flagellae attached to one side. At left center, Methanosarcina barkeri, a lobed coccus form lacking flagellae. At right center, Methanothermus fervidus, a short bacillus form without flagellae. At far right, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, an elongate bacillus form. Basic Archaeal Structure : The three primary regions of an archaeal cell are the cytoplasm, cell membrane, and cell wall. Above, these three regions are labelled, with an enlargement at right of the cell membrane structure Archaeal cell membranes are chemically different from all other living things, including a backwards glycerol molecule and isoprene derivatives in place of fatty acids. See text below for details. These three groups are now recognized as three distinct domains of life, as shown above at right 微生物世界 第四章 非细胞形态的生命体 蛋白粒子(朊病毒) 类病毒 20世纪20年代 英国的一种马铃薯病和相继出现的很多靠传统方法找不到病原体的植物病。 70年代，发现是比病毒还小的、单链的、线形的或环状的裸露的RNA。 一般是由300多个核甘酸构成的RNA 3 病毒 爱滋病毒 流感病毒等 一 病毒 1 大肠杆菌噬菌体T-4噬菌体 2 爱滋病毒 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (AIDS) Rhinovirus (Common Cold) Filovirus (Ebola, Hemorrhagic Fever) Influenza Virus (Flu) 1 古细菌 2 真细菌 Symbiont from the Deep: Microbes in Tube Worms from Deep Sea Thermal Vents Microbe Name: not yet known IMAGE CREDIT: Colleen Cavanaugh, Harvard University 古细菌出现于38亿年以前的生命诞生之初. 那时的地球,大气中充满了有毒气体(比如硫化氢:H2S),完全没有氧气(即使有那么一点,也会与其它物质反应而被消耗),大气的化学性质是呈还原性的. 在这样奇特的环境影响下,古细菌形成了严格厌氧的特性. 在30多亿年前的地球上繁荣的生长着. 这一下就是10亿多年. 终日沸腾的温泉成了古细菌最后的天堂 Not so inhospitable : It used to be unthinkable that life could exist at temperatures near boiling, but some intrepid archaeans thrive under these conditions. Geysers, like the one shown above, are home to such microbes and may help us understand how life existed when the Earth was young. Finding Archaea : The hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA, were among the first places Archaea were discovered. At left is Octopus Spring, and at right is Obs