Valuing TheEnvironment Concepts必看课件资料.ppt

二氧化碳减排的收益？ 碳社会成本：指二氧化碳排放的少量增长导致的经济损失现值（如，海平面的上升、洪水、农业产量的变化、及变化了的生态服务）的边际增长。 Further reading: A ? 迈克里 ? 弗里曼，环境与资源价值评估—理论与方法，中国人民大学出版社，2002 Objectives & Requirements: Understand the human environmental relationship Grasp the normative criteria for decision-making and optimal outcome Understand the meaning of “static efficiency” and “dynamic efficiency” Problems: One convenient way to express the willingness-to-pay relationship between price and quantity is to use the inverse demand function. In an inverse demand function, the price consumers are willing to pay is expressed as a function of the quantity available for sale. Suppose the inverse demand function or a product is P=80-q, and the marginal cost of producing it is MC=1q, where P is the price of the product and q is the quantity demanded and/or supplied. How much would be supplied in a static efficient allocation? What would be the magnitude of the net benefits? Chapter 2 Valuing The Environment: Concepts 1. Introduction Main contents: Develop the general conceptual framework used in economics to approach environmental problems. Examining the relationship between human actions, as manifested through the economic system, and the environmental consequences of those actions. Establish criteria for judging the desirability of the outcomes of this relationship. 2. The Human Environmental Relationship 2.1 The Environment as an Asset 2.2 The Economic Approach 2.1 The Environment as an Asset In economics the environment is viewed as a composite asset （复合资产） that provides a variety of services. Provides the economy with raw materials and energy Also provides services directly to consumers, such as air, water, amenities, etc. 2.1 The Environment as an Asset If the environment is defined broadly enough, the relationship between the environment and the economic system can be considered a closed system. A closed system （封闭系统） is one in which no inputs are received from outside the system and no outputs are transferred out