英汉语言对比.docxVIP

第二章英汉语言对比 I. Language Families (语系) English belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family(印欧语系). Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family（汉藏语系）. It is well known that English has the richest vocabulary of any European language. On the basis of Angles’ language (Anglo-Saxon), English was built by absorbing words in various languages: E.g. Latin: Pen, pencil, cup, butter, silk French: pork, feast, sir, noble, Italian: piano, solo, studio, opera, umbrella, pilgrim, Spanish: cargo, cigarette, cigar, Greek: paper, alphabet, dialogue, comedy Chinese: tea, chow mein, kowtow, toufu, Originally English had its gender, case, number, conjugation—these complicated changes. Because of the wide borrowings, English couldn’t keep the changes, case disappearing, gender being not so strict as some other languages, only subjective case and objective case remaining and only pronouns having the changes. As English absorbed foreign words only, without absorbing grammar rules, new words can only be formed by means of derivation, composition and conversion, etc. II. Word-building The major ways of word-building in English are composition, conversion, and derivation (affixation). And in Chinese we have the same major ways. English： Composition: motherland, blackboard, waterworks, handwriting, silkworm, outbreak, easy-going, home-made, whitewash; The United Stated is a “do-it-yourself” country. Conversion: paper the window, empty the basket, elbow one’s way, ups and downs, many ifs; He bicycled off a moment ago. Derivation: able-unable, take-mistake, hope-hopeless- hopelessness, act- inaction 汉语： Composition: 并列式：语言，改革，树立，遥远，左右，出入，好歹； 偏正式：学分，本科，红糖，笑声，新衣； 主谓式（主从式）：耳闻，目睹，脸红，胆小，月明； 动宾式：思甜，攻关，灭火，开车，忆苦，踢球； 补充式：提前，救活，改善，说明，调好； 重迭式：平平安安，高高兴兴，懒洋洋，亮晶晶，方方面面 Conversion: 一棵大树， 十年树人； 出售油漆，油漆门窗； 鸡鸭鱼肉，鱼肉百姓； 他在办公室，他在办公室打电话； 安全第一，不太安全； 今天真热，把饭热一下； 廉颇老矣，尚能饭否？ Derivation: 前缀 （Prefix） 超— 超人，超额，超支，超音速，超短波； 非— 非人，非常，非原则，非正式，非军事化， 无— 无视，无限，无线电，