物理专业英语(李淑侠)5.1-5.2原文.pdfVIP

5.1 丨INFORMATION FROM THE THEORY OF PROBABILITY Assume that we have a macroscopic system, i.e. a system formed by an enormous number of microparticles ( molecules, atoms, ions, electrons) ， in a given state. Assume further that a quantity x characteristic of the system can have the discrete values x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ,..., x i , ..., x k ,..., x s Let us make a very great number N of measurementsof the quantity x ，bringing the system before each measurementto the same initial state ? Instead of performing repeated measurements of the same system, we can take N identical systems in the same state and measure the quantity N once in all these systems. Such a set of identical systems in an identical state is called a statistical ensemble. Assume that N\ measurements gave the result X\, measurements the result x2，… ， ，and so on ( X) = TV is the number of systems in the ensemble) ? The quantity N^/N is defined as the relative frequency of appearance of the result xt while the limit of this quantity obtained when N tends to infinity, i.e. N i p i lim N N (5.1) is called the probability of appearance of the result Xi. In the following， in order to simplify the equations, we shall write the expression for the probability in the form Ni/N ，bearing in mind that the transition to the limit is performed at N . Since Ni/N, we have N i P i 1 N (5.2) i.e. the sum of the probabilities of all possible results of measurement e- quals unity. The probability of obtaining the result Xi or is N i N k Ni N k P iork