中国传统文化3.Ancient Chinese Philosophy and__ Religion 哲学和宗教.ppt

Ancient Chinese Philosophy and Religion Chapter 3 Main Schools of Thought Hundred Schools of Thought Confucianism Neo-Confucianism New Confucianism Taoism Legalism Buddhism Mohism Logicians The Tao Te Ching (Dào dé jīng, 道德经) of Lao Tzu (Lǎo zǐ) and the Analects of Confucius (Lún yǚ 论语) both appeared around the 6 th century BCE, slightly ahead of early Buddhist philosophy and pre-Socratic philosophy. Confucianism Confucianism is a philosophical school developed from the teachings of the sage Confucius (Kongzi 孔子, 551?– 479 BCE), collected in the Analects of Confucius. It is a system of moral, social, political, and religious thought that has had tremendous influence on Chinese history, thought, and culture down to the 21st century. Some Westerners have considered it to have been the state religion of imperial China. Its influence also spread to Korea and Japan. Concepts in Confucianism Humanity Confucius‘ concept of humaneness (rén,仁) is probably best expressed in the Confucian version of the Ethic of reciprocity（互惠理念）, or the Golden Rule: What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others.” Confucius was concerned with peoples individual development, which he maintained took place within the context of human relationships. Ritual In Confucianism the term “ritual” (Lǐ 禮) was soon extended to include secular 现世的 ceremonial behavior, and eventually referred also to the propriety 礼节 or politeness 礼貌 which colors everyday life. Filial piety “Filial piety” (xiào，孝) is considered among the greatest of virtues and must be shown towards both the living and the dead (including even remote ancestors). This relationship was extended by analogy to a series of five relationships (wǔlún,五倫). The Five Bonds: Ruler to Subject Father to Son Husband to Wife Elder Brother to Younger Brother Friend to Friend Loyalty Loyalty (zhōng, 忠), in later ages, was explained as the obligations of the ruled to the ruler, and less on the rulers obligations to the ruled.