有效介质理论EffectiveMediumTheory.pdfVIP

23 Effective Medium Theories W. Kreher 23.1 Introduction Predicting macroscopic properties of materials involves two tasks: 1. Projection of macroscopic loading conditions onto the microstructural level with sufficient and adjusted details (resulting in fluctuating inter- nal fields) 2. Averaging the local reaction of material to obtain the macroscopic re- sponse to the loadings For piezoelectric/ferroelectric polycrystalline materials, the relevant micro- structural level is presented by special domain configurations within grains which have different orientations. The local material response comprises the elastic, dielectric, and intrinsic piezoelectric effect as well as the restructuring of domain configuration by movement of domain walls or complete reorienta- tion of the spontaneous polarization, i.e., domain switching. Other processes as moving free charges and/or defect dipoles are normally not considered in present micro–macro models. They appear in the form of already averaged local properties, e.g., as an effective frictional force or activation energy for domain wall movement. Obviously, exact three-dimensional solutions for the internal fields and processes are impossible, so several simplifications are introduced in the mod- els depending on the aim (i.e., whether linear, nonlinear, or complete repolar- ization behavior is considered). Typical approximations are: • Simplification of domain configuration either by a particular deterministic domain arrangement (e.g., stack of plate-like domains) or by assumption of a set of noninteracting representative domains • Simplification of the interactions between neighboring grains (e.g., assump- tion of homogeneous fields, smoothing by the effective medium approach) The present chapter describes these modeling approaches in some detail, putting emphasis o