心理学研究方法（1-6章）.ppt

心理学研究方法 马剑虹 浙江大学心理与行为科学系 Knowledge Know What, Know Why, Know How 科学心理学教学的目的：我们以一种科学的方法，即科学家采用的方法来考虑人的行为与心理现象。 第一章 心理学研究方法与方法论 科学方法与科学发展： 方法改变了我们探索的途径：微观研究技术与基因、细胞、神经、分子等水平上进行研究。 研究方法与心理学的发展：实验法与心理科学、个案分析与精神分析学派、因素分析与智力理论等。 为什么中医被排除在科学之外？ 第一节 科学研究的规则 为什么中医被排除在科学之外？ Key assumptions of science： A.Operationalism: Objective and accurate measurement of variables B. Determinism: Any event can be explained by causal laws; there's a reason (cause) for everything C. Invariance: Laws don't change 一、操作主义（Operationalism） In 1928, Harvard physicist and Noble Laureate Percy W. Bridgman formalized the concept of operationalism, which has become the convention today in the physical, social and behavioral sciences. (The Logic of Modern Physics, 1928) Operationalism asserts that: the criterion of truth of a proposition is that it is able to be 'tested' by an effective procedure, or finite sequence of definite operations. Thus, operationalism rejects as invalid any concept which is not amenable to testing in this manner, and identifies a concept with its operational definition, rejecting any other content for it. 二、科学研究的一般过程与目的 从理论到假设 理论：组织、预测； 有系统地组织和解释观察到的现象 有实证研究证据的支持 作为研究假设的框架 经过不断的检验和修正， 错误的理论会被推翻 理论无法直接检验，没有一个科学家能够通过一个神奇的实验来证明一个理论是否正确。他只能通过实验来检验由理论推导出来的假设是否成立。 假设与理论 What is a hypothesis?– a very specific testable statement that can be evaluated from observable data. ----Theory based and testable. A hypothesis is a statement about the relationship between variables, not theoretical constructs. What’s the difference? Unless a theory is the product of extreme induction, its constructs are not variables but entities that are much more abstract than a single variable, and have much more extended meaning than a single variable. Science speaks and defines things in two distinctly different languages: (Cf. F.S.C. Northrop The Logic of the Sciences and Humanities, 1947): ? One language for theoretical constructs, and ? Another language for operational variables.? 可检验的假设/T