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Learning Causality and Learning with
Causality: A Road to Intelligence
Kun Zhang
kunz 1@
Carnegie Mellon University
Categorization by Google
Photos
Google apologizes for algorithm mistakenly calling black people
'gorillas'
Adversarial Attack
(Goodfellow, 2015)
Artificial “Intelligence”
•Traditional machine learning usually assumes a fixed data
distribution; avoids overfitting
•Intelligence: understanding; control/intervention;
decomposability; information fusion, learning with few
examples, extrapolation
To Achieve “Artificial” Intelligence
• Intelligence?
• An evolution, selection, and growth perspective
• Two components
• Survival: Good prediction/decision across
scenarios
• Inner compact representation…
• Creativity
• Causal representation
• The two types of representations seem consistent
Causality vs. Association
Causality vs. Dependence
•Causality ➜ dependence ! Dependence ➜ causality
(/comics/correlation.png)
3
Outline
•Learning causality X Y
•Conditional independence X Y
Z
•Independent noise X Y
•Independent changes
•Transfer learning
•Modularity or independent changes
Reveal Causality from
Observational Data?
• Connection between causal structure and
statistical properties of the data under
suitable assumptions ?
• Properties of causal systems: modularity
If there is no common cause of X and Y,
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