【PPT】计算机科学概述.pptVIP

Outline Nuclear Weapons Questions from Lecture 1 Notes Formal Systems MIU-system Languages Scheme Megabytes vs. Megatons Computing: 30,000,000 times increase in power since 1969 Nuclear weapons? If Nuclear Weapons followed Moore’s Law (摩尔定律)... 30M * 50 Megatons = 1.5 Teratons 1 Megaton TNT = 4.184 * 1015 Joules 1.5 Teratons TNT = 6.3 * 1021 Joules Energy from Sun to Earth = 4 x 1018 Joules/ Year One bomb today ~ all the energy to reach the Earth from the Sun since 400 AD Actual Nuclear Weapons （核武器发展） If it takes 60 seconds to compute a photomosaic for Problem Set 1 today on a typical PC, estimate how long it will take CS150 students in 2010 to compute the same photomosaic? How long will it take in 2013? Are there any non-recursive natural languages? What would happen to a society that spoke one? Running out of Ideas “Its all been said before.” Eventually true for a non-recursive language. Never true for a recursive language. There is always something original left to say! Production Systems（规约系统） Production Systems Set of symbols Primitives Set of rules for manipulating symbols Hofstadter: Rules of Production, Rules of Inference Also: Rules of Combination The MIU System Symbols: M, I, U Rules of Production: Rule I: If you have a string ending in I, you can add a U at the end. Rule II: Suppose you have Mx. Then you may add Mxx to your collection. Rule III: If III occurs in one of the strings in your collection you may make a new string with U in place of III. Rule IV: If UU occurs inside one of your strings, you can drop it. MIU System Example Start with MUI, produce MIU Languages What is a language? Webster: A systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings. Linguist’s Definition A description of pairs (S, M), where S stands for sound, or any kind of surface forms, and M stands for meaning. A theory of language must specify the proper