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Which energy source for road transport in the future? A comparison of battery, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles
J. Van Mierlo *, G. Maggetto, Ph. Lataire
Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology (ETEC,Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussels, Belgium
Available online 23March 2006
Abstract
The hydrogen era is foreseen following the European research programme in a time horizon of 2020–2040. But there will be clearly a choice to be made between an electron economy (directuse of the produced electricity and the so called ‘‘hydrogen economy’’ which leads to the introduction of an intermediate hydrogen production, transport and distribution process before the ?nal use in an electrical process.
This paper considers only passenger car and delivery vans applications. In this ?eld a big time gap is to be ?lled between the situation today, the occurrence of oil shortage in a quite short future and this time horizon 2020–2040. Today’s inter-mediate solutions are clearly based on hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles. The performances of these solu-tions are putting a lot of questions on the necessity of a hydrogen economy for future transportation. The paper discusses performances of hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles in comparison of the future hydrogen fuel cell based systems which are now in R&Dphase and a very beginning of ?eld demonstration.
ó2006Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:Hydrogen; Road transport; Battery electric vehicles; Hybrid electric vehicles; Fuel cell electric vehicles
1. Introduction
The electric vehicle is an optimum solution for urban mobility as it emits no exhaust fumes. Particularly in cities and in adverse climatic conditions, tra?c-generated emissions are degrading air quality up to the point where the physical health of the population is directly threatened. Several cities have already had to apply repeatedly drastic tra?c restrictions. The electric vehicle is also ideall
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