[中英文]土的物理性质指标.doc

PAGE PAGE 11 专业:结构工程 姓名: 学号: Physical Features and Indexes of Soil 1. Basic Physical Indexes Nature soil is a very complex physical system. Soils are aggregates composed of an assemblage of the most diverse granular mineral particles, humus or organic matter, and various inorganic chemical compounds. The physical make-up of a mineral soil is termed for its mechanical composition. As a particulate system, an element of soil is inherently “multiphase”. Fig.1 shows a typical element of soil containing three distinct phases: solid(mineral particles), gas, and liquid(usually water). In the figure the phases have been separated one from the others in order to facilitate the development of the phase relationships. The phases are dimensioned with masses on the left side and volumes on the right side of the sketch. In the figure, m represents the mass of the soil grain, v expresses volume. Subscript s, w, a and v represent the soil grain, water, air and pore space respectively. So represents the mass of the soil grain and expresses the volume of pore space etc. The most useful relationships between phase masses are water content, density and specific gravity. These indexes must be obtained by test. At the same time, there are other important relationships of volume such as void ratio, porosity, and degree of saturation. These indexes are named indirect indexes. Detailed definitions of these indexes are showen in the following: 1.1 Bulk density of soil and unit weight Bulk density of soils defined by the mass of the unit volume. Its symbol is and unit is ( or ). It can be expressed as follows : (1-1) To clay, bulk density is measured by cutting ring method. The unit weight of soil is the ratio of the total weight to the total volume. It can be expressed by and its unit is . (1-2) where W = weight of soil, unit for weight is KN g = acceleration of gravity. 1.2 Specific gravity of soil particle