第十二章绿色化学原理与方法1教学内容.ppt

第十二章 绿色化学原理与方法;12.1 绿色化学基本概念与原则;◆Global Warming（全球气候变暖）;◆ Depletion of ozone layer（臭氧层破坏）;◆ Air Pollution;◆ Water Pollution（水污染）;◆ Shortage of energy resources（能源短缺）;◆ The ideas of sustainable development ◆ ;What to do???;◆绿色化学的战略意义;; ③ 绿色化学十二原则;4. Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity.（设计既保持功效又尽可能降低毒性的化学产品） 5. The use of auxiliary substances (e.g. solvents, separation agents) should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used.（尽可能不使用辅助物质，如须使用也应无毒害） 6. Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economical impacts and should be minimized.（在考虑环境与经济效益的同时，尽可能使能耗最低）;7. A raw material or feed stock should be renewable rather than depleting, wherever technically and economically practicable.（技术和经济上可行时应以可再生资源为原料） 8. Unnecessary derivations (protection/deprotection, blocking group, temporary modification of physical /chemical processes)should be avoided whenever possible.（尽可能避免不必要的衍生反应或过程） 9. Catalytic reagent (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents （尽可能选择使用催化剂）;10.Chemicals should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and break down into innocuous degradation products.（应设计功能结束后无残留或可降解为无害物质的化学品） 11. Analytical methodologies need to be developed to allow for real time, in-process monitoring, and control prior to the formation of hazardous subatances （应发展实时分析方法，以避免或监控有毒害物质的生成） 12. Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen so as to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires. （尽可能选用安全的化学物质，最大限度减少化学事故发生）;12.2 绿色化学设计方法与应用;1.基于毒理学分析的分子设计;Toxicological mechanism致毒机理; Molecular size分子大小 molecular weight相对分子质量 dissociation constant分解常数 aqueous solubility水溶性 lipophilicity脂溶性 physical state(solid, liquid, gas)物质状态 particle size固体物质粒子大小;例1：通过分子设计，降低分子的亲电性，避免它与细胞分子的亲核部分发生作用而降低分子的毒性）。;2. 利用构-效关系设计安全的化学品;Exa