扫描隧道显微镜和单分子振动光谱技术.pptVIP

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Single-Molecule Vibrational Spectroscopy Outline Background Principle Application Conclusion Why study single molecules? Basic building blocks of matter Cannot be probed in an ensemble of molecules The environment and its effects on individual molecules can be determined Manipulate and control chemistry at the spatial limit Background Background Temporal Spatial Chemical Background Gerd Binnig (1947-) Heinrich Rohrer (1933-) Review of Modern Physics 71, s324(1999) In classical mechanics, the energy of an electron moving in a potential U(x) can be shown by The electron has nonzero momentum when E > U(x), but when E<U(x) the area is forbidden. The quantum mechanical description of the same electron is In the classically allowed region (E>U), there are two solutions, k is a decay constant, so the solution dictates that the wave function decays in the +x direction, and the probability of finding an electron in the barrier is non-zero. Principle However, in the classically forbidden region (E<U) the solution is Chen, C.J. In Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy; Oxford University Press: New York, 1993; p 3. Principle Energy Levels of sample Energy Levels of tip Vacuum Barrier Filled States Filled States Empty States Empty States eV resolution Lateral <0.1 nm Vertical <0.01 nm Advantages: 10 times as sensitive as other surface vibration techniques (IR, EELS), as few as 109 molecules are required for a useful spectrum Disadvantages: Molecules are buried within the junction in a complex environment that is difficult to characterize. Principle—IETS Principle—STM ＆ IETS Schematic showing the emergence of inelastic tunneling at the threshold for vibrational excitation J. Chem. Phys. 117, 11039(2002) When the sample bias is increased and crosses the threshold for excitation of a vibrational mode, the opening of the inelastic electron tunneling channel is accompanied by a change in the ac conductance (dI/dV). (A) STM