语言学名词解释76959.pdf

。 一、 Term Definition: Language : is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Phonetics : the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics. Semantics : the study of meaning Pragmatics : the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Syntax : in linguistics, what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary world. Morphology : the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study Synonym: words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. Reference : what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. Sense: concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collection of all its features; it is abstract and de-contextualized. Duality : language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. Dialect : a variety of a language, spoken in one part of a country (regional dialect), or by people belonging to a particular social class (social dialect or sociolect), which is different in some words, grammar, and/or pronunciation from other forms of the same language. Accent : a particular way of speaking which tells the listener something about the speaker's background. Conversational maxim : an unwritten rule about conversation which people know and which influences the form of conversational exchanges. Context : it is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. Competence: the ideal user ’s knowledge o