(NEW)南京师范大学外国语学院《830英语语言学基础知识与翻译》历年考研真题及详解.pdfVIP

目　录 2016年南京师范大学外国语学院837英语语言学基础知识与翻译考研真 题及详解 2017年南京师范大学外国语学院830英语语言学基础知识与翻译考研真 题及详解 2018年南京师范大学外国语学院830英语语言学基础知识与翻译考研真 题及详解 2016年南京师范大学外国语学院 837英语语言学基础知识与翻译考 研真题及详解 一、语言文学基础知识 （90分） Ⅰ. Explain the following terms with examples. (20%, 5 points for each) 1. synchronic study 【答案】A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Language can be studied at a given point in time or over time. When we study language at a particular time, it is called synchronic linguistics. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any points in history. For example, a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic. In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enj oy priority over diachronic study. The reason is that unless the various state of a language is successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 2. polysemy 【答案】Polysemy means a single word having several or many meanings. According to Crystal, polysemy is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. Polysemic words are signs of an advanced culture. Polysemy is also an essential feature of a language’s economy and efficiency. Historically polysemy can be understood as the growth and development or change in the meaning of words. For example, table has several meanings, including a kind of furniture, form, tabulation, etc. 3. illocutionary act 【答案】According to Austin ’s model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act ，illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker ’s intention (conveying meaning in context; the intention of the speaker while speaking). It is the act performed in saying something. Fo