语言学概论第四讲.pptVIP

Chapter 4 Syntax Sunday, Novembar 23, 2014 Syntax: The analysis of sentence structure Sunday, Novembar 23, 2014 Main points: 1. Definition of syntax 2. Position of syntax in grammar 3. Traditional approach to syntax Structural approach to syntax 5. Transformational-generative syntax nday, November 23 1. What is syntax? a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. sentence sentence phrase Morhpeme word Sunday, Novembar 23, 2014 2. Position of syntax in grammar Sunday, Novembar 23, 2014 Question:“组词成句” True or false? Why? Evidence? flat structure sentence sentence word word John loves Mary deeply. Sunday, Novembar 23, 2014 sentence hierarchical Syntax structure 树形分析法 phrase phrase phrase phrase John loves Mary deeply. word L动宾」 偏正 层次分析法 主谓 Sunday, November 23. 2014 Linear word order: syntagmatic The words in a sentence must occur in a particular sequence if the sentence is to convey the desired meaning. Mary loves Peter(Svo)Clearly, the ordering of words in sentences determines whether a Mary Peter loves (SoV) sentence is grammatical or not and what the sentence means Loves Mary Peter (VSO) Peter loves Mary. ( OVS) Sunday, Novembar 23, 2014 Hierarchical structure Although linear order is an important principle of sentence organization, sentences are more than just ordered sequences of words We need more intelligent leaders. The same linear order. but more intelligent leaders different hierarchical structure therefore, different interpretations more intelligent leaders (ambiguity) 3. Traditional approach to syntax Greek→Latn→ English→ Chinese The traditional approach( traditional grammar): studies sentences mainly in two ways: paradigm analysis(词形变化分 析) and parsing(语法分析 Paradigm: a list or pattern showing the forms which a word can have in a grammatical system. Paradigms typically show a words INFLECTIONs rather than its derivatives Sunday, Novembar 23, 2014