试谈美国环境法的管理与执行.pptx

U.S. Environmental Law: Administration and Enforcement美国环境法：管理和执行U.S. Environmental Law: Administration and EnforcementHierarchy of Laws in the United StatesEnvironmental Decision StakeholdersThe Realities of Environmental Law in the United States 美国环境法：管理与执行 美国法律的层次 环境决策的利益人 美国环境法的现实情况Hierarchy of Laws in the United StatesFour Levels: U.S. Federal Government 美国法律的层次四个层次： 美国联邦政府Hierarchy of Laws in the United StatesFour Levels: U.S. Federal Government State Government 美国法律的层次四个层次： 美国联邦政府 州政府Hierarchy of Laws in the United StatesFour Levels: U.S. Federal Government State Government Municipal/County Government 美国法律的层次四个层次： 美国联邦政府 州政府 市/县级政府Hierarchy of Laws in the United StatesFour Levels: U.S. Federal Government State Government Municipal/County Government Town/Village --- “Local” Government 美国法律的层次四个层次： 美国联邦政府 州政府 市/县级政府 村镇级—“地方”政府Federal government联邦政府State A governmentA州政府State B governmentB州政府State C governmentC州政府Municipal government市政府County government县政府Town government镇政府Village Government村政府Hierarchy of U.S. Governments美国政府的层次Federal GovernmentGovernment of Constitutionally Limited AuthorityRegulates Interstate Commerce, Conducts Foreign Relations 联邦政府 在立法上具有有限权力的政府 管制州际间的商业，发展对外关系State GovernmentsStates are the “sovereigns” of the United States“Police Power” gives authority over people’s health, welfare, safety and moralsSome delegated authority from federal government 州政府 各州是美国的“主权实体” “警察权”赋予其在人民健康、福利、安全和道德方面的权力 一些由联邦政府委派的权力Municipalities and CountiesOnly authority is that which is delegated by the stateTends to involve local land use issues such as zoning, some issues relating to water supply and sewage disposal, sanitary landfills, etc. 市级和县级政府 唯一具有由州政府委派的权力 有趋势参与解决如分区管制等当地土地利用问题，以及和水供应、污水处理、清洁垃圾等有关的问题Towns and VillagesSimilar to Municipal and County authority: related primarily to local land use issues Town and village zoning codes can be complicatedGood example of local government at its best and at its worst村镇级政府的权力 同市县级政府权力相似：主要处理与当地土地利用相关的问题 村镇分区管制法