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Cryptography and Network Security (Various Hash Algorithms) Fourth Edition by William Stallings Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown (Changed by Somesh Jha) Birthday Attacks might think a 64-bit hash is secure but by Birthday Paradox is not birthday attack works thus: opponent generates 2m/2 variations of a valid message all with essentially the same meaning opponent also generates 2m/2 variations of a desired fraudulent message two sets of messages are compared to find pair with same hash (probability > 0.5 by birthday paradox) have user sign the valid message, then substitute the forgery which will have a valid signature conclusion is that need to use larger MACs Hash Function Properties a Hash Function produces a fingerprint of some file/message/data h = H(M) condenses a variable-length message M to a fixed-sized fingerprint assumed to be public Requirements for Hash Functions can be applied to any sized message M produces fixed-length output h is easy to compute h=H(M) for any message M given h is infeasible to find x s.t. H(x)=h one-way property given x is infeasible to find y s.t. H(y)=H(x) weak collision resistance is infeasible to find any x,y s.t. H(y)=H(x) strong collision resistance Block Ciphers as Hash Functions can use block ciphers as hash functions using H0=0 and zero-pad of final block compute: Hi = EMi [Hi-1] and use final block as the hash value similar to CBC but without a key resulting hash is too small (64-bit) both due to direct birthday attack and to “meet-in-the-middle” attack other variants also susceptible to attack Hash Algorithms similarities in the evolution of hash functions & block ciphers increasing power of brute-force attacks leading to evolution in algorithms from DES to AES in block ciphers from MD4 & MD5 to SHA-1 & RIPEMD-160 in hash algorithms likewise tend to use common iterative structure as do block ciphers MD5 designed by Ronald Rivest (the “R” in RSA) latest in a series of MD2, MD4 produces a 128-bit hash value until recentl
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