21商务英语antonymy商务英语.pdf

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Antonymy Classification of Antonymy  Gradable antonymy (分等级的反义关系)  Complementary antonymy (互补反义关系)  Converse antonymy (相反反义关系) Gradable Antonymy This is the commonest type of antonymy. When we say two words are antonyms, we usually mean pairs of words like good: bad, long: short, big: small. As the examples show, they are mainly adjectives. And they have three characteristics. Gradable Antonymy First, as the name suggests, they are gradable. That is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other. Something which is not "good" is not necessarily "bad". It may simply be "so-so" or "average". They can be modified by "very“, and have comparative and superlative degrees. Gradable Antonymy  Second, antonyms of this kind are graded against different norms.  There is no absolute criterion by which we may say something is good or bad, long or short, big or small. The criterion varies with the object described. A big car is in fact much smaller than a small plane. A micro-computer is giant by the standard of microorganism. Gradable Antonymy  Third, one member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term.  We ask somebody "How old are you ?" and the person asked may not be old in any sense. He may be as young as twenty or three. The word old is used here to cover both old and young. The sentence means the same as "What is your age?" Complementary Antonymy  alive: dead odd: even  male: female pass: fail ( a test )  present: absent boy: girl  innocent: guilty hit: miss ( a target ) Complementary Antonymy  Not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the

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