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Antonymy
Classification of Antonymy
Gradable antonymy (分等级的反义关系)
Complementary antonymy (互补反义关系)
Converse antonymy (相反反义关系)
Gradable Antonymy
This is the commonest type of antonymy. When we
say two words are antonyms, we usually mean pairs of
words like good: bad, long: short, big: small. As the
examples show, they are mainly adjectives. And they
have three characteristics.
Gradable Antonymy
First, as the name suggests, they are gradable. That is, the members of a
pair differ in terms of degree.
The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other. Something
which is not "good" is not necessarily "bad". It may simply be "so-so" or
"average".
They can be modified by "very“, and have comparative and superlative
degrees.
Gradable Antonymy
Second, antonyms of this kind are graded against
different norms.
There is no absolute criterion by which we may say
something is good or bad, long or short, big or small. The
criterion varies with the object described. A big car is in
fact much smaller than a small plane. A micro-computer is
giant by the standard of microorganism.
Gradable Antonymy
Third, one member of a pair, usually the term for the
higher degree, serves as the cover term.
We ask somebody "How old are you ?" and the
person asked may not be old in any sense. He may
be as young as twenty or three. The word old is
used here to cover both old and young. The
sentence means the same as "What is your age?"
Complementary Antonymy
alive: dead odd: even
male: female pass: fail ( a test )
present: absent boy: girl
innocent: guilty hit: miss ( a target )
Complementary Antonymy
Not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the
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