2018年大学英语四级语法精要.pdf

大学英语四级语法精要 Ⅰ动词(时态 ,语态 ,用法 ,省略 ,一致性等 ) 1. 时态 1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成 ): 动作或状态从 过去某时开始 ,继续到现在 ,可能继续下去 ,也可能刚刚结束 . I ’ve been writing letters for an hour. I ’ve been sitting in the garden. 2)过去完成进行时 ( 由 had been + ing分词构成 ): 过去某个时刻以前一 直在进行的动作 I ’d been working for some time when he called. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 3)将来完成进行时 : 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 . By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. In another month ’s time she ’ll have been studying here for three years. 4)将来完成时 ( 由 shall/will have + 过去分词构成 ): 将来某时会业已发 生的事 . I shall have finished this one before lunch. They ’ll have hit the year ’s target by the end of October. 2. 语态 1) 可以有两种被动结构的类型 ,例如 : He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. 能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计” , “相信” 等 意 义 的 动 词 , 常 见 的 有 assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,underst and 等. It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk. 担当 be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义 . 例如 : Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制 ) 2) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 a) 双宾语结构的被动语态 : 双宾语结构变为被动语态时 ,可以把主动 结构中的一个宾语变为主语 ,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面 ,但多数 是把间接宾语变为主语 . He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations. b) 宾补结构的被动语态 : She was called Big Sister by everybody. Then he was made a squad leader. He was considered quite qualified for the job. The room was always kept clean and tidy. 3. 短语动词 1