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Unit 1 Chemical Industry
化学工业
Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:
1. When did the modern chemical industry start?
2. Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?
3. What are the contribution which the chemical industry has made to
meet and satisfy our needs?
4. Is the chemical industry capital- or labor-intensive? Why?
1.Origins of the Chemical Industry
Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we
know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have
begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use
by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica
and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The
organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s
discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis
on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914
had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This
was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for
sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological
breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high
pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead,
particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts
for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture)
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