Practical reasoning about knowledge states for open world：开放世界知识状态的实践推理.pdf

- Practical reasoning about knowledge states for open world planning with sensing Tamara Babaian * — James G. Schmolze ** * Department of Computer Information Systems Bentley College Waltham, MA 02452 (USA) tbabaian@bentley.edu ** Department of Computer Science Tufts University Medford, MA 02155 (USA) ABSTRACT. We present a representation for reasoning and planning with an incomplete state description (open-world) called PSIPLAN-S. The presented formalism has several properties critical for application domains with a large degree of incompleteness in the state description, particularly, in domains with a large or unknown set of all objects. The formalism offers (1) considerably expressive state and goal description language, that includes limited universal quantification, (2) representation of sensing actions and knowledge goals, (3) a correct and complete state update procedure, and (4) complete reasoning within a substantial subset of the language. The approach is illustrated by examples from a working system. KEYWORDS: automated planning, planning with incomplete information and sensing, reasoning about actions. 1. Introduction Planning with correct but incomplete information and with or without sensing ac- tions has been addressed by numerous researchers, offering several approaches for knowledge representation and reasoning with an incomplete state description (e.g., (Scherl et al., 1993; Moore, 1985; Etzioni et al., 1997; Petrick et al., 2002; Son et al., 2001; Levesque et al., 1997; Eiter et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2005; Thielscher, 2005)). One major challenge of open-world planning is the computational complexity of reasoning with incomplete information. The PSIPLAN-S framework, which we present in this paper, occupies a unique niche by offering: (1) a logic of knowledge that has sufficient expressive power for a large array of applications, (2) polynomial time algorithm