跨文化交际time-orientationword版本.pptVIP

跨文化交际time-orientation;Past-oriented Cultures ;Present-oriented Cultures ;Future-oriented Cultures ;Time Systems ;Formal time systems;Time’s passages may be indicated by reference to significant events. Time intervals may be more arbitrary or based on significant external events such as the length of a day or the phases of the moon. Time sequences are explicitly taught to children and newcomers as an important part of the acculturation process. agreements among the members of a culture on the extent to which time is regarded as valuable and tangible ;Informal time systems;Western Cultures: Time is money. I haven’t got time to be tired. Time is a line. Chinese Culture: Haste makes waste. 欲速则不达。 Time reveals all things. 万事日久自明。;Monochronic Polychronic Time Orientation ;M-time is like a room with a closed door ensuring privacy. M-time seals off one or two people from the group and intensifies relationships with one other person. Failure to make way by intruding on the time of the next person is not only a sign of extreme egocentrism and narcissism, but also just plain had manners. ;Arbitrary and imposed—learned: not inherent in man’s biological rhythms or his creative drives Side effects: Influence how people think and perceive the world in segmented compartments convenient in linear operations but disastrous in nonlinear creative tasks Some Americans associate schedules with reality. alienate people from themselves and others by reducing context ;European Americans are very time-driven. plan in detail; make lists; keep track of their activities; organize time into a daily routine An event is regarded as separate and distinct from all others and should receive the exclusive focus of attention it deserves. “In fact, social and business life, even one’s sex life is commonly schedule-dominated.” ;Polychronic Time Orientation: Time is continuous like a never-ending river. work without a strict schedule being involved with many things at once