初中生几何证明典型错误及对策研究——以兰州市某两所中学为例.pdf

摘要 逻辑推理是数学学科的重要核心素养之一，几何证明又是培养学生逻辑推理 能力的重要手段。目前，初中生在几何证明中出现了不同种类的错误，为了了解 初中生几何证明的学习现状，本研究从初中生几何证明的典型错误，影响初中生 几何证明的因素，以及培养初中生几何证明能力的有效对策三个子问题出发，采 用文献法，调查法以及观察法对初中生几何证明能力进行了研究。 调查结果表明：初中生在几何证明中主要存在四种典型错误：1.知识性错误， 主要表现在学生对几何概念、定理的理解有误，从而造就了证明出错。2.技能性 错误，主要表现在学生由于审题、识图、作图能力不足，从而造成证明方面的错 误。3.逻辑性错误，主要表现在循环论证和偷换概念。4.表述性错误，主要表现 在学生语言转换不到位，不能准确的将文字语言用数学语言来表示，还有不能规 范的书写证明过程。影响初中生几何证明的因素主要有教师、学生、教材等三方 面因素。针对以上调查结果，提出了如下对策：1.加强几何概念与定理的学习； 2.加强一题多解的训练；3.加强几何语言之间的转换训练；4.加强逻辑推理能力 的培养；5.强化学生做题习惯的培养。 关键词：初中生；几何证明；典型错误；影响因素；对策 ABSTRACT Logical reasoning is one ofthe important core literacy ofmathematics,geometric proof is an important meansto cultivate students' logical reasoning ability.At present, junior middle school students have different kinds of errors in geometric proof. In order to understand the learning situation of geometric proof of junior high school students.Based on thetypical errorsofgeometricproof ofjuniorhigh school students, the factors that affect the geometric proof of junior middle school students and the effective countermeasures of junior middle school students' geometric proof ability, this paper adopts the method of literature, investigation and observation to carry on thegeometricproofability ofjuniorhigh school studentsthe study. Theresults show that thereare four typical errorsin thegeometricproof ofjunior high school students: 1.Knowledge errors are mainly manifested in the students' misunderstandingofgeometricconceptsandtheorems,andthusprovethemistakes. 2.Skills errors,mainly in the studentsduetotrial questions,mapping,mapping ability, resulting in proof of the error. 3.Logical errors, mainly in the cycle of argument and the concept of stolen. 4.Expressive statements, mainly in the student language conversion is not in place, can not accurately text language with mathematical language to express, there can not be standa