神经生物学概述神经元.pptxVIP

2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;开始：神经解剖的研究开始于16世纪，但是真正用科学方法来研究神经生理学则始于18世纪末。 初步发展：19世纪中后叶，神经的基本组织单位、先天的反射活动和后天建立起来的反射活动等方面的研究。 快速发展：20世纪，神经生理学从结构、组织、生理、生化、胚胎、药理、病理等行为许多方面开展了大量研究。神经生理学这一名称扩大而被称为神经生物学。有时也称为神经科学。;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;2020/12/30;§Bioelectrical phenomena;Measurement of the resting potential;Much of our early knowledge of nerve electrical activity came from the study of giant squid axons. Because of their size, it was easy to insert electrodes into them for accurate measurements of the membrane potential.;; Microelectrodes applied to the membrane surface record no voltage change. b. When microelectrode 1 is inserted into the axoplasm, a voltage change is recorded. The graphs chart the voltage change over time. ;Rest potential (RP): at rest, a constant potential difference across cell membrane, also termed as transmembrane resting potential.;Properties of RP;Terminology;;2. Variations in membrane permeability to those ions during rest: The membrane is permeable only to K at rest, Outward diffusion of K+?EK 3. Electrogenesis of sodium pump;Useful terms;Resting potential and K+ equilibrium potential;Ion distributions in a living cell;What happened to K+?;Intuitively…….;Calculating equilibrium potentials for single ions: Nernst Equation ;Predicated & measured the RP ;K+;;Comparison;Consider Cl:;Membrane potential and equilibrium potential of different ions;Sodium/potassium ATPase;证明：;The formation of resting potential depends on: ;产生膜电位的能量是贮存在离子浓度梯度中的。 对每一种可通透的离子而言，都有其自身的平衡电位，Eion，用Nernst公式计算之。 3）如果膜电位不同于某种离子的平衡电位，而且膜对这种离子有通透，离子跨膜移动将使膜电位趋向其自身的平衡电位。 4) 膜通透性控制着贮存在离子浓度梯度中势能的释放 5) 膜通透性的改变将伴随有电信号的产生;Now, to the action potential……;Measurement of the action potential;Intracellular potential recording;when a stimulus is applied ,