流形定向拓扑定义.pdfVIP

Page 1 of 7 Wiki: Orientability Hydraulic Manifolds When it comes to quality ! ISO9001 For orientation of vector spaces, see orientation (mathematics). Quality Management For other uses, see orientation. www.mabotec.nl In mathematics, orientability is a property of surfaces in Euclidean space measuring whether or not it is possible to make a consistent choice of surface normal vector at every point. A choice of surface normal allows one to use the right-hand rule to define a clockwise direction of loops in the surface, as needed by Stokes theorem for instance. More generally, orientability of an abstract surface, or manifold, measures whether one can consistently choose a clockwise orientation for all loops in the manifold. Equivalently, a surface is orientable if a two- dimensional figure such as in the space cannot be moved (continuously) around the space and back to where it started so that it looks like its own mirror image . The torus is an orientable surface The notion of orientability can be generalized to higher dimensional manifolds as well. A manifold is orientable if it has a consistent choice of orientation, and a connected orientable manifold has exactly two different possible orientations. In this setting, various equivalent formulations of orientability can be given, dependin