教程biochemistry生物化学西文chapter.pptxVIP

Qin, Yongmei, PhD (秦咏梅);Chapter 7 Carbohydrates Glycobiology;Carbohydrate, (C-H2O)n = “Carbon + Water”;Carbohydrates in food are important sources of energy ;;Contents;Requirements for Your Understanding;Monosaccharides and disaccharides; 典型单糖;甘油醛 （丙醛糖）;Two common hexoses: ;Pentoses: components of nucleic acids;2. Monosaccharides can be classified according to the number of carbons: 单糖和二糖名字末尾缀以“-ose” triose 3 carbons tetrose 4 carbons pentose 5 carbons hexose 6 carbons heptose 7 carbons;4. Monosaccharide stereoisomers;3. Naming stereoisomers （立体异构体的命名）;D-醛糖; 红色标记的 C 为 手性碳； 距离羰基最远手性 C的构型与D-甘油 醛相同，称D型 异构体； 方框中的糖是自然 界中最普通的糖。 ;Ketoses have one fewer asymmetric center than aldoses with the same number of carbons; 红色标记的 C 为 手性碳； 距离羰基最远手性 C的构型与D-甘油 醛相同，称 D 型 异构体； 方框中的糖是自然 界中最普通的糖。 ;Epimers （差向异构体）: two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom ;5. Formation of hemiacetal（半缩醛） or hemiketal （半缩酮） can occur within a monosaccharide ;呋喃糖;Only aldoses having five or more carbon atoms can form pyranose rings;;;;;;Haworth perspective formulas （Haworth 透视式） : commonly used to show the stereochemistry of ring forms of monosaccharides (Sir Water N. Haworth won 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry);Conformation of pyranose rings;;Application to diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (determination of glucose concentration);;;7. Monosaccharide derivatives;;Some common disaccharides;;;;2. Homopolysaccharides ; branched polymer of D-glucose-a(1,4)-D-glucose with a (1,6) branch point ;A cluster of amylose and amylopectin (in starch granules) strands of amylopectin form double-helical structures with each other or with amylose strands ;;;4. Steric factors and hydrogen bonding influence homopolysaccharide folding;The three-dimensional structures are described in terms of dihedral angles, analogous to angles made by the peptide bond. ;A map of favored conformation