商务统计学课件FC5e_Ch02.pptVIP

商务统计学@2013华南理工大学 Chap 2-* Cross Tabulations: The Contingency Table Importance of Brand Name Male Female Total More 450 300 750 Equal or Less 3300 3450 6750 Total 3750 3750 7500 A survey was conducted to study the importance of brand name to consumers as compared to a few years ago. The results, classified by gender, were as follows: Crosstabulation: Simpson’s Paradox Simpson’ Paradox: In some cases the conclusions based upon an aggregated crosstabulation can be completely reversed if we look at the unaggregated data. suggests the overall relationship between the variables. We must be careful in drawing conclusions about the relationship between the two variables in the aggregated crosstabulation. Data in two or more crosstabulations are often aggregated to produce a summary crosstabulation. 假定有一公司现有员工100人，另有一研究所，职工150人。在一次普查体检中，发现公司有糖尿病患者16人，研究所有糖尿病患者36人。从糖尿病患者的患病率来看，研究所的情况比公司严重，其患病率分别是24%和16%。但实际情况恰恰相反，这怎么可能呢？ Simpson’s Paradox 现在我们换一种统计方式来考察结果，分成年轻人（24~45岁）和中、老年人（46~65岁）两个组来计算患病率。该公司有90位年轻人，其中患糖尿病12人（患病率13.3%），有中老年人10人，其中患糖尿病4人（患病率40%）；该研究所有50位年轻人，患糖尿病4人（患病率8%），有中、老年人100人，其中患糖尿病32人（患病率32%）。 ? 后一种统计方式的结果表明，公司的人，无论是年轻人还是中老年人，患糖尿病的比例都显著高于研究所的相应人群，这可能和他们经常加班和中午吃盒饭有关。这一分组统计结果比总体统计结果更有说服力。 Simpson’s Paradox 商务统计学@2013华南理工大学 Chap 2-* Scatter Plots Scatter plots are used for numerical data consisting of paired observations taken from two numerical variables One variable is measured on the vertical axis and the other variable is measured on the horizontal axis Scatter plots are used to examine possible relationships between two numerical variables 商务统计学@2013华南理工大学 Chap 2-* Scatter Plot Example Volume per day Cost per day 23 125 26 140 29 146 33 160 38 167 42 170 50 188 55 195 60 200 商务统计学@2013华南理工大学 Chap 2-* A Time Series Plot is used to study patterns in the values of a numeric variable over time The Time Series Plot: Numeric variable is measured on the vertical axis and the time period is measured on the h