2022年自考00831现代英语语法核心考点资料.pdf免费

2022 年自考 00831 现代英语语法核心考点资料 Part I Words and phrases 1. Morphemes From the semantic point of view，morphemes are the minimal meaningful elements. They can be divided into the free morphemes (a morpheme that can occur in isolation， e.g.， boy， do) and the bound morphemes (a morpheme that can only occur in conjunction with at least one other morpheme， e. g.， boy-s， in-appropriate). 2. Word classes A word consists of one or more morphemes. In terms of the environment， the internal structure， and the meaning， words are classified into three classes： open classes(n.， adj.， adv.， v. ) ； closed classes( det.， pron.， prep.， conj.， aux. )；marginal classes(num.， int. ). Words in the open classes are determined on the basis of three criteria： meaning (semantic or notional angle)，form (morphology)，and function (syntactic). 3. Word formations Basically， there are seven approaches to the English word formation. Affixation： or derivation， a process of forming words by adding derivational affixes to stems or roots. Composition： a process of word formation by which two or more roots are put together to make one word. Conversion： the formation of new words by converting words of one part of speech to the words of another part of speech，without changes in morphological structures. Blending：the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Back-formation： the opposite process of suffixation. It is the process of making a new word by dropping the supposed suffix. Shortening： to shorten a long word by cutting a part of the original and use what has remained as a word. Acronym： the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of a group of words. 4. Nouns 4.1 Noun classes Nouns can be classified in a variety of ways. According to meaning， nouns fall into two major categories： proper nouns (a name used for a particular person， place or thing，and