可持续发展的绿色核算国际和世行经验-Sustainabi.pptVIP

This slides show how natural resources matter for different regions. Resource rich countries (such as the oil rich economies of the Middle East) show clearly that a major share of their total wealth is driven by natural capital. In all cases, the ‘residual’ the biggest portion of total capital. The ‘residual’ can be thought of a combination of human and social capital, that is, those components of wealth that support income generation, besides man-made and natural capital. Estimation of human and social capital constitute a major area of research, mostly untapped. Within natural capital, cropland is very relevant. Importance of asset accounting can be enhanced by looking at soil erosion. Significant amounts of rent have been generated by the oil and natural gas industry of Norway, but the rent has fluctuated a great deal, even becoming negative in 1988, meaning that, in that year, the industry did not even earn a normal return to the capital it had invested in the industry. Uncultivated forests are also managed in a way that generates substantial rents, but, rather than contributing this rent to government, the rent accrues to the private sector which receives, in addition, large subsidies. Fisheries provide an example of a third management strategy in Norway. Fisheries (these figures include both capture fisheries and aquaculture) are managed in a way that generates no positive rent—rent from fisheries has been negative except in 1995, and, rather than collecting revenue, government has been providing the industry with considerable subsidies. The management regime promotes exploitation of fish stocks by relatively small inefficient vessels in order to support Norway’s regional economies. The economic value of fish under this management regime is zero. When dealing with sustainability of natural resources use, a more relevant question becomes what shares of the rent accruing to public or private hands are reinvested (i.e. public versus private saving rates) and