brownlevinson礼貌原则学习.pptxVIP

第1页/共26页Perhaps the most thorough treatment of the concept of politeness is that of Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson, which was first published in 1978 and then reissued, with a long introduction, in 1987. 第2页/共26页Brown and Levinson sum up human politeness behaviour in four strategies, which correspond to these examples: bald on record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off-record-indirect strategy. 第3页/共26页Bald on-recordThe bald on-record strategy does nothing to minimize threats to the hearers “face”. An emergency: Help! Task oriented: Give me those! Request: Put your jacket away. Alerting: Turn your lights on! (while driving) 第4页/共26页Positive PolitenessThe positive politeness strategy shows you recognize that your hearer has a desire to be respected. It also confirms that the relationship is friendly and expresses group reciprocity. 第5页/共26页StrategiesSt. 1 Notice, attend to HSuggests that S should take notice of aspects of H’s conditions.Examples: “Goodness you cut your hair! … By the way I came to borrow some sugar.”“What a beautiful dress! Where was it bought?”“We ate too many beans tonight, didn’t we?”St. 2 ExaggerateThis often done with exaggerated intonation, stress, and other aspects of prosodic.Examples: “You are a fantastic cook, the lunch was great!”“How absolutely marvelous/ extraordinary/…..”第6页/共26页StrategiesSt. 3 Intensify interest to HS intensify the interest of his own contribution, by “making a good story” and draw H as a participant into the conversation with direct questions and expressions like you know, see what Example: “I come into his room, and what do you think I see? – a huge mess all over the place and right in the middle, a naked….”St. 4 Use in- group identity makersUsing any of the innumerable ways to convey in- group membership: address forms, language or dialect, jargon or slang and ellipses. Examples: “Honey, can you give me the beer?”“Hey brother, what’s going on?”“How about a drink?”第7页/共26页StrategiesSt.5 Seek