企业管理研究方法（英文版·第11版）唐纳德·库珀-Chap011.pptVIP

* This chapter introduces the concept of measurement, the four scale types, the major sources of error and criteria for evaluating good measurement. * * This note relates to why we must understand the issues around measurement. Students can be asked to relate to their own jobs or business experiences as to what they observed being measured and why management needed to measure the things they did--the consequences of not measuring adequately and accurately. They are bound to have war stories of their own which will make the concept become more real to them. * See the text Instructors Manual (downloadable from the text website) for ideas for using this research-generated statistic. * Measurement in research consists of assigning numbers to empirical events, objects or properties, or activities in compliance with a set of rules. This slide illustrates the three-part process of measurement. Text uses an example of auto show attendance. A mapping rule is a scheme for assigning numbers to aspects of an empirical event. * Exhibit 11-1. The goal of measurement – of assigning numbers to empirical events in compliance with a set of rules – is to provide the highest-quality, lowest-error data for testing hypotheses, estimation or prediction, or description. The object of measurement is a concept, the symbols we attach to bundles of meaning that we hold and share with others. Higher-level concepts, constructs, are for specialized scientific explanatory purposes that are not directly observable and for thinking about and communicating abstractions. Concepts and constructs are used at theoretical levels while variables are used at the empirical level. Variables accept numerals or values for the purpose of testing and measurement. An operational definition defines a variable in terms of specific measurement and testing criteria. These are further reviewed in Exhibit 11-2 on page 341 of the text. * This is a good time to ask students to develop a question they could ask that wou