企业管理研究方法（英文版·第11版）唐纳德·库珀-Chap020.pptVIP

As many managers are not schooled in statistical analysis, questions about the findings, researcher interpretations and conclusions are likely to arise. A researcher needs a process and a time frame for addressing these questions. This is especially critical if not oral presentation is planned. * * * The long technical report contains all possible components in the order designated in Exhibit 21-2. * Before writing the report, one should ask and answer these questions to help frame the situation. * Before writing, the researcher should develop an outline. This slide presents a useful organizational structure. * In a topic outline, a key word or two is used. The sentence outline expresses the essential thoughts associated with the specific topic. * Exhibit 20-4 shows sample output from a commercial package used on one of this text’s vignettes. The slide shows one table from the exhibit. The statistics summarize the readability, grade level, and sentence structure of the document. * This is a list of suggestions for adjusting the pace of one’s writing. Service words are words that transition from one idea to another; examples include: On the other hand In summary In contrast * The researcher should write a level appropriate for the audience’s reading abilities. To test writing for difficulty level, use a standard readability index. The Flesch Reading Ease Score gives a score between 0 and 100. The lower the score, the harder the material is to read. The Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level provides a score that corresponds with the grade level needed to easily read and understand the document. Comprehensibility means that the writing is designed to convey information in a precise manner. This also includes consideration of pace. Pace is the rate at which the printed page presents information to the reader. If the text is too overcrowded, there is too much information per sentence. Techniques for adjusting the pace are addressed on the next slide. Finally, ensure that ton