企业管理研究方法（英文版·第11版）唐纳德·库珀-Chap006.pptVIP

* ? Method of data collection distinguishes between monitoring and communication processes. Monitoring processes are studies in which the researcher inspects the activities of a participant or the nature of some material without eliciting responses from the participant. Examples of monitoring include traffic counts, library searches, and counting cars in a parking lot. In a communication study, the researcher questions the participants and then collects their responses by personal or impersonal means.The collected data may result from 1) telephone or interview conversations, 2) self-administered or self-reported instruments sent through the mail, dropped-off in convenient locations, or transmitted electronically, 3) instruments presented before and/or after a treatment or stimulus condition in an experiment. * (Exhibit 6-3 continued) The degree to which the research question has been crystallized Exploratory study Formal study The method of data collection Monitoring Communication Study The power of the researcher to produce effects in the variables under study Experimental Ex post facto The purpose of the study Reporting Descriptive Causal-Explanatory Causal-Predictive The time dimension Cross-sectional Longitudinal The topical scope—breadth and depth—of the study Case Statistical study The research environment Field setting Laboratory research Simulation The participants’ perceptional awareness of the research activity Actual routine Modified routine * ?This photo catches the surfer at a moment in time…much like a single survey catches an attitude at a given moment. That’s what a cross-sectional study does. A study that captures behavior, attitudes, etc. at several moments over time is longitudinal. Cross-sectional studies are studies conducted only once. They seek to reveal a snapshot at one point in time. Longitudinal studies include repeated measures over an extended period of time. Therefore, longitudinal studies can track chan