【微观经济学】第一章经济学原理.ppt

人的欲望（需要）是无限的 经济学 研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 从个体 从宏观 微观经济学 微观经济学主要探讨以下问题： 个体的行为：消费者如何购买商品；生产者如何生产商品。 市场：生产者与消费者是如何互相作用的。 运用微观经济学的知识，可以帮助经济主体如消费者和生产者作出正确的选择。 宏观经济学 宏观经济学探讨的以下问题： 总量问题的分析，如经济增长、通货膨胀、失业问题等等。 宏观经济学与微观经济学的区别与联系 当一个人在观看体育比赛时，如果某人站起来，他可以看得更清楚。这是微观规律。但如果大家都站起来看，则谁也不会比原来看得更清楚，这是宏观规律。 举例：涨工资 为什么水很便宜，而钻石很贵？ 为什么明星出场费10万，旁边的工作人员100？ 经济学的作用 经济学是什么？ 思考：下列说法正确么？ 房地产和中国的大规模建设4万亿投资可以显著促进经济的发展，许多人得到就业，促进了钢材、水泥及行业的发展，对中国帮助很大。是合理的经济学行为。 * Whether we’re talking about the U.S. economy, or the local economy, the term “economy” simply means a group of people interacting with each other. These interactions play a critical role in the allocation of society’s scarce resources. For example, the interaction of buyers and sellers determines the prices of goods and the amounts produced and sold. These interactions are an important part of what economists study. * If each person had to grow his own food, make his own clothes, cut his own hair, we would have a world full of skinny, unfashionable poor people having bad hair days every day of the week. It’s far more efficient for each person to specialize in producing a good or service, and then exchanging it with other people for the things they produce. The statement “trade can make everyone better off” should not be hard to understand, if you think about it for a moment: Each of two parties would not voluntarily enter into an exchange if it made either of them worse off, now would they? The same principles apply at the national and international level: International trade allows countries to sell their exports abroad and get a higher price, and to buy things from abroad more cheaply than they could produce at home. In addition, trade gives a country’s consumers access to a greater variety of goods – including goods they might not be able to get at all. For example, U.S. consumers enjoy a variety of fresh produce year-round. This would not be possible without international trade. * A market economy is “decentralized,”