国际经济学：理论与政策（第十一版）保罗·R.克鲁格曼-C03_Krugman_11e.pptxVIP

International Economics: Theory and PolicyEleventh EditionChapter 3Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian ModelCopyright ? 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives3.1 Explain how the Ricardian model, the most basic model of international trade, works and how it illustrates the principle of comparative advantage.3.2 Demonstrate gains from trade and refute common fallacies about international trade.3.3 Describe the empirical evidence that wages reflect productivity and that trade patterns reflect relative productivity. PreviewOpportunity costs and comparative advantageA one-factor economy, the Ricardian modelProduction possibilitiesHow world relative demand and supply determine the relative price after tradeGains from trade; Relative wages and tradeMisconceptions about comparative advantageTransportation costs and non-traded goodsEmpirical evidence IntroductionDifferences across countries are a key reason why trade occurs:The Ricardian model (Econ/Trade Chapter 3) examines differences in the productivity of labor (due to differences in technology) between countries.The Specific Factors model (Econ/Trade Chapter 4) and the Heckscher-Ohlin model (Econ/Trade Chapter 5) examine differences in labor, labor skills, physical capital, land, or other factors of production between countries.Trade may also arise due to economies of scale (larger scale of production is more efficient). The Concept of Comparative Advantage (1 of 6)The opportunity cost of producing something measures the cost of not being able to produce something else with the resources used.Comparative advantage will be determined by comparing opportunity costs across countries. The Concept of Comparative Advantage (2 of 6)A simple example with roses and computers explains the intuition behind the concepts of opportunity cost and comparative advantage in the Ricardian model.For example, suppose a limited number of workers could produce either roses or c