环境化学课件(4-4-7)--CriteriaonSoilContamina.pptVIP

Criteria on Soil Contamination Levels of Organic Compounds Cary T. Chiou National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA Dieldrin in soils (Cs) and carrots (Cp) in field plots  (Harris and Sans, J. Agric. Food Chem. 1967) Soil Type Cs (ppm) Cp (ppm) Sandy Soil 0.48 0.12 Clay Soil 1.1 0.11 Muck Soil 3.9 0.02 Note: No direct correlation exists between crop and soil contamination levels Observed Contamination Levels in Soils and Crops  The lack of correlation between the soil and in-situ crop contamination levels indicates that the level of a compound in the whole soil is not a true measure of its soil contamination intensity. That is: Contamination Level ? Contamination Intensity Contamination Level vs Contamination Intensity To understand what actually determines the soil contamination intensity, we must know: How organic contaminants are held or sorbed by soils (This knowledge is not well at hand until 1980-1990)It is important to relate the soil contamination intensity with the level in soil in order to correctly predict various soil contamination effects. Question: Why crops from organic farming may not be free of pesticide contamination? Contamination Level vs Contamination Intensity Uptake by Partition Uptake by AdsorptionAmorphous Humic Material(Organic Matter)Porous and Polar Minerals (Mineral Matter)Soils as a Dual Sorbent Characteristics:High partition into organic matterStrong adsorption onto Mineral matterBoth adsorption and partition are important Uptake of Nonionic Organic Compounds by Dry Soil Uptake of Nonionic Organic Compounds from Water SolutionCharacteristics:High partition into organic matter(noncompetitive)Weak adsorption onto mineral matter because of preferred water adsorption (competitive)Partition far exceeds adsorp