环境科学课件-三角洲与河口湾.pptVIP

Homopycnal flow Gilbert-type Deltas Hyperpycnal flow 高密度流: river water that has higher density than basin water flows beneath the basin water, generating a vertically oriented, plane-jet flow. This type of jet flow moves along the bottom as a density current that may be erosive in its initial stages but eventually deposits its load along the more gentle slopes of the delta front to form turbidites. It may also occur in lakes and under marine conditions. Hyperpycnal flow Hypopycnal flow 低密度流: river outflow is less dense than basin water, as when rivers flow into denser seawater, it flows outward on top of the basin water as a horizontally oriented plane jet. Fine sediment may thus be carried in suspension some distance outward from the river mouth before it flocculates and settles from suspension. This type of flow tends to generate a large, active delta-front area, typically dipping at 1o or less, as contrasted with the 10 o -20 o dip of most Gilbert-type deltas (Miall, 1984). It is probably the most important type of river outflow in marine basins. Hypopycnal flow 三角洲与河口湾 一、三角洲研究历史及世界主要三角洲 二、三角洲的分类与沉积过程 三、三角洲的沉积特征 四、河口湾 大陆边缘的海岸带主要沉积环境 研究历史和定义 Delta: firstly used by the Greek philosopher Herodotus (希罗多德) about 490 B.C. to describe the triangular-shaped alluvial plain formed at the mouth of the Nile River. The term (alluvial) Delta is applied to any deposit, subaerial or subaqueous, formed by fluvial sediments that build into a standing body of water. Delta are “discrete shoreline protuberances formed where rivers enter oceans, semi-enclosed seas, lakes or lagoons and supply sediment more rapidly than it can be redistributed by basinal processes” (Elliott, 1986) Deltaic sediments are known to be important hosts from petroleum and natural gas, coal, and some minerals such as uranium. Although ancient deltaic sediments are common in the rock record, much of what we know about delta systems comes from study of modern deltas. Pioneer work by Johnston (1921,1922)