复旦西方社会思想史课件02古希腊城邦社会思想.pptVIP

续前 奴隶处于主人的权力之下，这种权力渊源于万民法，无论哪个民族，主人对于奴隶都有生杀之权，奴隶所取得的东西，都是为主人取得的。 在合法婚姻关系中出生的子女，都处于我们的权力之下。 处于我们权力之下的，还有我们所收养的人。 关于家长权的权利消灭的方式：在家长死亡时，即成为自权者（引入祖父一节）  2. 希腊化与罗马社会思想(1) 本章重点 希腊化时代希腊精神发生了怎样的转变？ 从纯理论兴趣向实践兴趣的转向 从政治生活向伦理生活的转向 从城邦时代向帝国时代的改变带来人性观和社会观怎样的改变？ 从城邦视野向世界主义的转变 从特定的公民观向普遍的众生平等观的转变 Empire of Alexander the Great Ethos of Hellenic Time 世界的导师: 亚历山大帝国使希腊文明遍及世界，希腊民族实现了自己的文明任务，希腊人变成了世界的导师； 理论与实践的分离: 希腊科学中有机融合在一起的纯理论兴趣和实践兴趣在希腊化时代开始分道扬镳，实践兴趣更形重要； 伦理学转向: 政治生活丧失了城邦时代的力量和光荣，哲学转向为人生安顿和避难提供个人道德学说，发生由古典希腊精神向晚期希腊的伦理学的转折 Ethical transformation of Greek Spirit: Stoicism and Epitureer 希腊生活的理想世界分崩离析，民族的宗教淹没在日常生活的习俗中，被剥夺了独立性的和破碎的政治生活不再唤起忠诚与虔敬，孤立无助的心理随处弥漫，产生对人生哲学和个人生活智慧的强烈渴求，处世哲学成为哲学的基本的和核心的探求，并试图对抗东方的宗教成为乱世中人的安身立命的心智替代品。 Epicurus: Pursuit of Pleasure Epicurus, the founder of the philosophy that bears his name, advocated the pursuit of pleasure.? But in his definition of pleasure he intended something that had little in common with what we today so often identify as pleasure.? In keeping with the traditions of Greek philosophy in early Hellenistic times, he understood pleasure as attaining freedom from the pains and hurts of life through the practice of virtuous living. However, unlike Socrates, he did not feel that virtue was a good in itself, worthy of devotion because of its superior qualities.? He never looked deeply into the question of virtues great, even divine, qualities.? Rather he recommended focusing on living a virtuous life because it was able to produce pleasure--freedom from pain.?? Virtue was not the highest good.? It was merely the means to the highest good, which was pleasure Features of Stoicism Unlike Epicureanism, which quickly froze into a fixed dogma, Stoicism developed, and became more complex, comprehensive, and plausible. It forms a system of interconnected doctrines confirming and supporting each other. Plato, Aristotle, and Epicurus never managed as much; and the Stoics successors in the history of philosophy have pr