18_人工智能游戏开发.pptxVIP

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BillyLandowskiCptS5407December2010

BackgroundConnectFourasasearchproblemAlpha-betapruningDetailsaboutwinningHeuristicsImplementation/DemoConclusion

SoldbyMiltonBradleyinFebruary19742playersAlternateturns Goal:Connectfourtilesinarowhorizontally,vertically,ordiagonally

≤7possiblemovesperturnEnumerateeachmoveContinueforeachboardconfigurationPlayer1Player2

States:Anyboardconfigurationwithatmostoneplayer’stileineachlocationInitialState:Anemptygameboardwithnotiles. Actions:Placeatileofthecurrentplayer’scolorinanycolumnthatisnotfull. TransitionModel:Returnsaboardconfigurationwithatileaddedtothespecifiedcolumn. Goal/TerminalTest:Aplayerhasfourofhertilesinalineeitherhorizontally,vertically,ordiagonally,orgameboardisfull(indicatingatie).Utility:+∞ifplayerhasconnectedfour,0ifboardis –∞ifopponenthasconnectedfour.

O(bd/2)timecomplexityb=branchingfactor=7d=depth=7×6=42ComputationallyintensiveNeedcut-offdepthCanalsoaddheuristics

Towin,playerneedsa“winningline”of

Towin,playerneedsa“near”winningliof3

Counttotal3-out-of-4“unblocked”winnlinesComparetoopponentUtility(p,G)=f(p,G)–f(opponent(p),G) f(a,G)=#of3-out-of-4winninglinesforplayeraonboardG

Extend3-out-of-4heuristicton-out-of-4forn≤3 AwardweightedpointsbasedonthevalueofnScore(p,G)=100(n3)+10(n2)+1(n1) niisthenumberofi-out-of-4winninglineforplayerpongameboardG

Five1-out-of-4winninglines(n1=5)Five2-out-of-4winninglines(n2=5)Score=100(0)+10(5)+1(5)=55

Compareplayers’scoresUtility(p,G)=Score(p,G)–Score(opponent(p),G)

WritteninC#under.NETFrameworkMicrosoftVisualStudio2008WindowsFormsapplication

4difficultiesBeginner–randomModerate–alpha-betapruningwithcutoff-depth3andsimpleutilityfunctionHard–alpha-betapruningwithcutoff-depthand3-out-of-4heuristicExp

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