Smart energy systems and districts - Research Explorer 智能能源系统和区域 - Research Explorer.doc

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Smart energy systems and districts - Research Explorer 智能能源系统和区域 - Research Explorer.doc

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TenQuestionsConcerningSmartDistricts

NicholasGood*a,EduardoA.MartínezCese?aaandPierluigiMancarellaa,b

aSchoolofElectricalandElectronicEngineering,TheUniversityofManchester,FerrantiBuilding,M139PL,Manchester,UK;e-mails:{nicholas.good,eduardo.martinezcesena,p.mancarella}@manchester.ac.uk,

bDepartmentofElectricalandElectronicEngineering,TheUniversityofMelbourne,Parkville,Victoria,3010,9Australia;e-mail:pierluigi.mancarella@.au

*CorrespondingauthorTel:+44(0)1613064807

Abstract

Asanextensionofthe‘energytrilemma’ofaffordability/sustainability/securitytoalsoincludesocialacceptance,the‘energyquadrilemma’,isdrivingmultipleandcomplexdevelopmentsinenergysystems,particularlyatthelevelofdistributedenergyresources.These,andinparticulardemandsideresources,mayhaveanimportantroleinprovidingtheflexibilityrequiredforelectricitysystemstointegratelowcarbontechnologies,whilealsoincreasingtheefficiencyoftheenergysystemasawhole.Thisisparticularlyrelevanttoresourcesthatareaggregatedindistricts,forinstancethroughcommunityenergysystems,thatalsoadoptvariousenabling‘smart’technologies,thusbecoming‘smartdistricts’andsupportingthetransitiontowardsasmartgrid.Recognisingthatthesmartdistrictisarelativelynewandill-definedconcept,thispaperidentifiesandanswerstenquestionscoveringrelevantphysical,commercial,planningandoperationalaspectsofsmartdistricts.Inparticular,amongstothers,weproposeanewviewpointon‘energyefficiency’thatismorealignedwiththekeyroleofflexibilityinfutureenergysystems;criticisetheconceptsof‘self-sufficient’,‘net-zeroenergy’and‘energy-positive’buildingsanddistricts;discusshowprice-drivenoptimizationthrough‘transactiveenergy’approachescandeliverwhole-systemefficiencyandflexibilitybeyondthesmartdistrictitself;arguetheimportanceofco