[外语课件]综合英语相关课件.ppt

I. Review Qs: 1. How do you understand that “linguistics is the scientific study of language”? 2. What’s the difference between phonetics and phonology? 3. What’s the difference between semantics and pragmatics? 4. Why is speech considered as the primary medium of human language? II. Other Important Distinctions 4. Langue Vs. Parole Langue: the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. Parole: the realization of langue in actual use. A Sociological View Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), Swiss, founder of structuralism, modern linguistics, semiology. Course in General Linguistics, 1916 5. Competence Vs Performance Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication A Psychological View Avram Noam Chomsky (1928-), founder of TG(Pp. 42), a revolution to structuralism. LAD- (Pp.145)-PPH-Universal Grammar ST-EST-REST 6. Traditional Grammar VS. Modern Linguistics Three Criteria: 1. Exclude linguistic facts such as “we can’t …”, “taller than me”, etc 2. Use written material as the material for analysis 3. Apply Latin-based model to other languages III. Definition of Language Question: What’s language? Webster' s New World Dictionary (Pp. 759) [ 1 ] (a) human speech; (b)the ability to communicate by this means; (c) a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; (d) the written representation of such a system; Webster' s New World Dictionary (Pp. 759) [2] (a) 'any means of expressing or communicating, as gestures, signs, or animal sounds; (b) a special set of symbols; letters, numerals, rules etc. used for the transmission of information, as in a computer; ... A Generally Accepted Definition Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Understanding the Definition QS: 1. Why a system? 2. Why arbitrar