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ePAKISTANFEDERAL
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uPUBLICEXPENDITUREREVIEW2023
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
PREFACEV
EXECUTIVESUMMARY1
1.Whyarerecurrentfiscaldeficitsharmfultotheeconomy?WhyarePakistan’sfiscaldeficits
sopersistent(Chapter1)?3
2.Howcanfederalfiscalexpendituresberationalizedforfiscalsavingsandtheefficiencyof
developmentspendingbeimproved(Chapter2)?6
3.Whatarethenon-budgetarydriversofthedebtstockandhowcantheybemanaged
(Chapter3)?8
4.WhatistheimpactoffederalSOEsonthefinancesoftheFederalGovernmentandhow
cantheybeminimized(Chapter4)?10
5.Whataretheavenuesthroughwhichfiscalrevenuecollectioncanbeenhanced(Chapter
5)?12
6.Policyrecommendationsandfederalfiscalsavings14
REFERENCES20
ListofFiguresandTables
FIGURES
FigureES.1:Pakistan:GovernmentBudgetBalances1
FigureES.2:Pakistan:PublicPubliclyGuaranteedDebt1
FigureES.3:Pakistan’sTwinDeficits4
FigureES.4:GovernmentBorrowingfromBanks4
FigureES.5:Federalgovernmentspending,byrigidity6
FigureES.6:Distributionofbenefitsofdifferentsubsidiesbyquintile6
FigureES.7:KeyDriversofPakistan’sPublicandPubliclyGuaranteedDebt8
FigureES.8:FederalSOEs–NetProfit10
FigureES.9:DirectFiscalSupporttoSOEs10
FigureES.10:Totalrevenue,bysourceandyear12
FigureES.11:Costoftaxexpenditures,bytax12
TABLES
TableES.1:KeyFis
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