数字设计--第一章.ppt

Chapter2 Number Systems and Codes (数制和编码) Digital systems only deal with binary digits —— 0s , 1s； yet very few real-life problems are based on binary numbers or any numbers at all； How to build their correspondence? Two kinds of information—— Contents Number Systems Number Bases, Base Conversions Binary Arithmetic representation of Negative Numbers one’s complement two’s complement two’s complement Addition and Subtraction Codes BCD, Excess-3 Code, Gray Code… positional number system按位计数制 1、 Decimal ND（十进制） Hence， Any decimal number D can be represented as: 2、 Binary NB （二进制） The base or radix of the number system is 2. Symbols are 0 or 1。 ex) 1101.101=1×23+1×22+0×21+1×20+1×2-1 +1×2-3 General form： NB=bn-1×2n-1+bn-2×2n-2 +…+b0×20+b-1×2-1+… Any other base number? we instinctively know decimal weve talked about Binary (two symbol) there are other bases of interest in digital systems the bases we typically care about are powers of 2 (or associated with Binary) these bases are typically used to represent a lot of bits ex) its hard to describe the value of a 64-bit bus in 1s and 0s Octal (八进制) Octal NO The base or radix of the number system is 8. Symbols are 0 ~ 7。 ex) 572.4Q=5×82+7×81 +2×80 +4×8-1 General form： NQ = hn-1×8n-1 + hn-2×8n-2 + … + h0×80 + h-1×8-1 +… Hexadecimal (十六进制) Hexadecimal NH The base or radix of the number system is 16. Symbols are 0～9、A～F。 ex) DFC.8=13×162 +15×161 +12×160 +8×16-1 General form： NH=hn-1×16n-1+hn-2×16n-2+…+h0×160+h-1×16-1+… Octal and Hexadecimal How the Bases Relate to Each Other  Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal Base10 Base2 Base8 Base16 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 10 2 2 3 11 3 3 4 100 4 4 5 101 5 5 6 110 6 6 7 111 7 7 8 1000 10 8 9 1001 11 9 10 1010 12 A 11 1011 13 B 12 1100 14