案例分析发达国家和发展中国家的贸易条件.ppt

Chapter 5 The Standard Trade Model Introduction A Standard Model of a Trading Economy International Transfers of Income: Shifting the RD Curve Tariffs and Export Subsidies: Simultaneous Shifts in RS and RD Summary Appendix: Representing International Equilibrium with Offer Curves Introduction Previous trade theories have emphasized specific sources of comparative advantage which give rise to international trade: Differences in labor productivity (Ricardian model) Differences in resources (specific factors model and Heckscher-Ohlin model) The standard trade model is a general model of trade that admits these models as special cases. 5-1 A Standard Model of a Trading Economy The standard trade model is built on four key relationships: Production possibility frontier and the relative supply curve Relative prices and relative demand World relative supply and world relative demand Terms of trade and national welfare Production Possibilities and Relative Supply Assumptions of the model: Each country produces two goods, food (F) and cloth (C) Each country’s production possibility frontier is a smooth curve (TT) The point on its production possibility frontier at which an economy actually produces depends on the price of cloth relative to food, PC/PF. Isovalue lines(P94) Lines along which the market value of output is constant Relative Prices and Demand The value of an economys consumption equals the value of its production: PCQC + PFQF = PCDC + PFDF = V The economy’s choice of a point on the isovalue line depends on the tastes of its consumers, which can be represented graphically by a series of indifference curves. Indifference curves(P96) Each traces a set of combinations of two goods consumption that leave the individual equally well off They have three properties: Downward sloping The farther up and to the right each lies, the higher the level of welfare to which it corresponds Each gets flatter as we move to the right If the relative price of cloth, PC/PF , incre