自考0522英语国家概况基础班课程讲义全Chapter09.pdfVIP

Chapter 9 Social Affairs Key Points of Chapter 9： 本章主要内容： 1.国家健康服务体系 2.个人社会服务体系 3.社会安全机制 4.英国的宗教 5.英国的节日 Part I. Health and Social Services 1. Britain as a welfare state. Britain is regarded as a welfare state. The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organizationofhealthservices,pensionsandotherfacilities.Itisestablishedonsuch a concept that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life because of unemployment, old age, sickness, or dependent children. The concept is in line with individualism which is the basis of British values. Individualism, which began to appear in the Reformation of the Church, believes that society is an artificial organization, existing only for the sake of its members as individuals and a society has to be judged according to the criteria established by the members of a society as individuals. According to individualism, the goal of social, political and economic organizationsshouldbethegreatestgoodforthegreatestnumberofthepeople.TheLabor Party is more active in expanding the social welfare program. This system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain, the term applies mainly to the National Health Service, national insurance and social security.（在英国，这主 要是指国民保健制度，国民保险和社会保障制度。） 2. The National Health Service （NHS） The National Health Service provides for every resident a full range of medical services.Theservicewasestablishedin48.TheNHSisbasedontheprinciple that there should be a full range of publicly provided service designed to help the individual stay healthily. All taxpayers, employers and employees contribute to its cost so that those members of the community who do not require health service can help to pay for those who do. Almost80percentofmedicalprescriptionitemsares