外文翻译原文--加工贸易中的竞争和合作.pdfVIP

Processing trade competition and cooperation in the David Newlands 1. Industrial Clusters: A Critical Reading of Different Theories 1.1Standard Agglomeration Theory, From Marshall Onwards Marshall, in his writings on Sheffield, Lancashire and other British regions, viewed the main source of external economies as the commons ’, the infrastructure and other services from which each individual firm in an industrial district might draw (Marshall, 1921). Examples include, in modern terminology, improved j ob search and j ob matching, more favorable access to capital finance and inter-firm labor migration. The availability of such common resources to a number of firms then enhances their size and diversity as both capital and labor are attracted to such areas to exploit the larger markets for their services. This in turn leads to reductions in factor prices and/or increases in factor productivities. These are the ways in which the external benefit to firms of a location in the industrial district manifests itself. Unit production costs will be lower within the industrial district than out with it. Parallel to his studies of industrial organization, in the various editions of his Principles of Economics, Marshall ( 1890, 1920) helped develop what was to become standard agglomeration theory. This was then built upon subsequently by a number of writers. For example, Scitovsky (1954) identified a further category of pecuniary external economies’, Perroux (1955) 1 contributed his famous theory of growth poles, and Chinitz (196 1) applied the notion of agglomeration economies to the economic development of New York and Pittsburgh. More recently, Krugman (1991, 1995)