职称考试A、B级翻译.doc

第2章 A、B级翻译 1 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and out of these build up their theories. 2 Creative ideas not only produce their own instruments of survival as time and circumstances demand, but permit the substitution of new forms for old under the pressure of changed circumstances. Democracy, for example, as an idea, originated in ancient Greece and was carried from there to Western Europe and the Americas. But it did not retain the ancient form: it passed through several reforming processes. Democratic governments differ in form because democracy is in principle dynamic and has therefore responded to local needs. 3 In the new age of movement by employees to different jobs, recruits to the labor market can expect to change their careers every ten years, and jobs even more frequently. This new development in the shape and movement of the workforce throughout Western business is partly a result of the way that layers of middle management are being removed, leaving more workers responsible for their own development. Having workers take responsibility for their own development might be dramatic, but it is now the norm. 4 Official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and mw materials. In the developing countries where vastly expanded populations press hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, a governments first concern will be to place a limit on the birthrate. In a highly industrialized society, where the decreasing birthrate may lead to a falling market a